Pygmalion Language

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            <title>The Modern Pygmalion's Language Change</title>
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            <p>Publication Information</p>
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         <sourceDesc>
            <p>Source book used is Ovid -The Metamorphoses (Translated by A.S. Kline) starting on
               page 496 and ending on 499</p>
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            <listPerson>
               <person xml:id="Pygmalion">
                  <persName>Pygmalion</persName>
                  <note>Pygmalion is a character from Ovid's Metamorphoses who sculpts what he
                     believes is the perfect woman. Info adapted from - The Editors of Encyclopædia
                     Britannica. “Pygmalion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica,
                     Inc., 12 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion.</note>
               </person>
               <person xml:id="Venus">
                  <persName>Venus</persName>
                  <note>In Greek Mythology Venus is the god of love, sex, beauty, and fertility.
                     Info adapted from - Garcia, Brittany.“Venus.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 27
                     Aug. 2013, www.ancient.eu/venus/. </note>
               </person>
               <person xml:id="Paphos">
                  <persName>Paphos</persName>
                  <note>Paphos is said to be the birthplace of the Goddess Aphrodite, also known as
                     Venus. Info adapted from - “City Guide.” Paphos.com,
                     www.paphos.com/v/city-info/. </note>
               </person>
            </listPerson>
         </particDesc>
         <settingDesc>
            <listPlace>
               <place xml:id="Tyre">
                  <placeName>Tyre</placeName>
                  <note>The word Tyrian refers to Tyre, a Phoenician port city which, in mythology,
                     is supposedly the birthplace of Europa. Info adapted from - Mark, Joshua.
                     “Tyre.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2 Sept. 2009, www.ancient.eu/Tyre/.
                  </note>
               </place>
               <place xml:id="Carved_figure">
                  <placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
                  <note>Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
                     www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing. and Zazulak, Steffanie.
                     “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23
                     June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. Book quote take
                     from 1897 version by Josephine Preston </note>
               </place>
               <place xml:id="Actions">
                  <placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
                  <note>Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
                     www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How
                     the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June
                     2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed.</note>
               </place>
               <place xml:id="Girl">
                  <placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
                  <note>Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
                     www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How
                     the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June
                     2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed.</note>
               </place>
               <place xml:id="Child">
                  <placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
                  <note>Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.”
                     Pearson English, 23 June 2016,
                     www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. and Birner, Betty. “Is
                     English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
                     www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing </note>
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         <head><hi rend="bold">Bk X:243-297 Orpheus sings: Pygmalion and the statue</hi></head>
         <p><hi><persName ref="Pygmalion">Pygmalion </persName></hi> had seen them, spending their
            lives in wickedness, and, offended by the failings that nature gave the female heart, he
            lived as a bachelor, without a wife or partner for his bed. But, with wonderful skill,
                  <hi><placeName ref="Carved_figure">he carved a figure, brilliantly, out of
                  snow-white ivory</placeName></hi><note>In earlier version of this story, different
               wording was used for the statue, a specific version states "nothing on earth so
               beautiful as the white marble folk that live without faults and never grow old." The
               reason for such a change could simply be because the new version is easier to
               understand compared to the older one, as language from newer generations will change
               language from older ones. </note>, no <fw>496</fw><pb/> mortal woman, and fell in
            love with his own creation. The features are those of a real girl, who, you might think,
            lived, and wished to move, if modesty did not forbid it. Indeed, art hides his art. He
            marvels: and passion, for this bodily image, consumes his heart. Often, he runs his hands
            over the work, tempted as to whether it is flesh or ivory, not admitting it to be ivory,
                  <hi><placeName ref="Actions">he kisses it and thinks his kisses are retured; and
                  speaks to it; and holds it</placeName></hi><note>Through various versions of the
               fable, Pygmalions actions with the statue change significantly. In version like this,
               it is shown that he touches and kisses the statue. In other versions, Pygmalion
               doesn't physically interact with the statue. The reason for changes like this could
               be due to it adding more to the character of Pygmalion, or because the author thinks
               it is too much to add.</note>, and imagines that his fingers press into the limbs,
            and is afraid lest bruises appear from the pressure. Now he address it with compliments,
            now brings it gifts that please girls, shells and polished pebbles, little birds, and
            many-coloured flowers, lilies and tinted beads, and the Heliade's amber tears, that
            drip from the trees. He dresses the body, also in clothing; places rings on the fingers;
            places a long neclace round its neck; pearls hang from the ears and cinctures round the
            breats. All are fitting: but it appears no less lovely, naked. He arranges the statue on
            a bed on which cloths <fw>497</fw><pb/>dyed with <hi><placeName ref="Tyre"
                  >Tyrian</placeName></hi>murex are spread, and calls it his bedfellow, and rests
            its neck against soft down, as if it could feel.</p>
         <p> The day of <hi><persName ref="Venus">Venus's</persName></hi> festival came, celebrated
            throughout Cyprus, and heifers, their curved horns gilded, fell, to the blow on their
            snowy neck. The incense was smoking when Pygmalion, having made his offering, stood by
            the altar, and <hi><placeName ref="Girl">said, shyly: "if you can grant all things, you
                  gods, I wish as a bride to have..." and not daring to say "the girl of ivory" he
                  said "one like my ivory girl."</placeName></hi><note>In a different version,
               Pygmalion states "'who hast vouchsafed to me this gift of beauty, give me a perfect
               love, likewise, and let me have for bride, one like my ivory maiden,'" one of the
               biggest changes in this text is the decision to use girl instead of maiden. Overtime,
               language changes due to the advancment of humans, and how new words are created for
               old ones. Some of these words become outdated, such as maiden, and are replaced with
               newer ones i.e. girl.</note> Golden Venus, for she herself was present at the
            festival, knew what the prayer meant, and as a sign of the gods' fondness for him, the
            flame flared three times, and shook its crown in the air. When he returned, he sought
            out the image of his girl, and leaning over the couch, kissed her. She felt warm: he
            pressed his lips to her again, and also touched her breast with his hand. The ivory
            yielded to his touch, and lost its hardness, altering under his fingers, as the bees'
            wax of Hymettus softens in the sun, and is moulded,<fw>498</fw><pb/> under the thumb,
            into many forms, made usable by use. The lover is stupefied, and joyful, but uncertain,
            and afraid he is wrong, reaffirms the fulfilment of his wishes, with his hand, again,
            and again.</p>
         <p> It was flesh! The pulse throbbed under his thumb. Then the hero, of Paphos, was indeed
            overfull of words with which to thank Venus, and still pressed his mouth against a mouth
            that was not merely a likeness. The girl felt the kisses he gave, blushed, and, raising
            her bashful eyes to the light, saw both her lover and the sky. <hi><placeName ref="Girl"
                  >The goddess attended the marriage that she had brought about, and when the moon's
                  horns had nine times met at the full, the woman bore a
               son.</placeName></hi><note>In older versions of the text, there is no mention of
               Pygmalion and the statue being married, or anything of them having a child. This
               could be due to uncertanty of if it is true to the first version, or because the
               version this is adapted from included the marriage while the older one did
               not.</note><hi><persName ref="Paphos">Paphos</persName></hi>, from whom the island
            takes its name.'</p>
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The Modern Pygmalion's Language Change

Publication Information

Source book used is Ovid -The Metamorphoses (Translated by A.S. Kline) starting on page 496 and ending on 499

Bk X:243-297 Orpheus sings: Pygmalion and the statue

Pygmalion had seen them, spending their lives in wickedness, and, offended by the failings that nature gave the female heart, he lived as a bachelor, without a wife or partner for his bed. But, with wonderful skill, he carved a figure, brilliantly, out of snow-white ivory 1 In earlier version of this story, different wording was used for the statue, a specific version states "nothing on earth so beautiful as the white marble folk that live without faults and never grow old." The reason for such a change could simply be because the new version is easier to understand compared to the older one, as language from newer generations will change language from older ones. , no 496 mortal woman, and fell in love with his own creation. The features are those of a real girl, who, you might think, lived, and wished to move, if modesty did not forbid it. Indeed, art hides his art. He marvels: and passion, for this bodily image, consumes his heart. Often, he runs his hands over the work, tempted as to whether it is flesh or ivory, not admitting it to be ivory, he kisses it and thinks his kisses are retured; and speaks to it; and holds it 2 Through various versions of the fable, Pygmalions actions with the statue change significantly. In version like this, it is shown that he touches and kisses the statue. In other versions, Pygmalion doesn't physically interact with the statue. The reason for changes like this could be due to it adding more to the character of Pygmalion, or because the author thinks it is too much to add., and imagines that his fingers press into the limbs, and is afraid lest bruises appear from the pressure. Now he address it with compliments, now brings it gifts that please girls, shells and polished pebbles, little birds, and many-coloured flowers, lilies and tinted beads, and the Heliade's amber tears, that drip from the trees. He dresses the body, also in clothing; places rings on the fingers; places a long neclace round its neck; pearls hang from the ears and cinctures round the breats. All are fitting: but it appears no less lovely, naked. He arranges the statue on a bed on which cloths 497 dyed with Tyrian murex are spread, and calls it his bedfellow, and rests its neck against soft down, as if it could feel.

The day of Venus's festival came, celebrated throughout Cyprus, and heifers, their curved horns gilded, fell, to the blow on their snowy neck. The incense was smoking when Pygmalion, having made his offering, stood by the altar, and said, shyly: "if you can grant all things, you gods, I wish as a bride to have..." and not daring to say "the girl of ivory" he said "one like my ivory girl." 3 In a different version, Pygmalion states "'who hast vouchsafed to me this gift of beauty, give me a perfect love, likewise, and let me have for bride, one like my ivory maiden,'" one of the biggest changes in this text is the decision to use girl instead of maiden. Overtime, language changes due to the advancment of humans, and how new words are created for old ones. Some of these words become outdated, such as maiden, and are replaced with newer ones i.e. girl. Golden Venus, for she herself was present at the festival, knew what the prayer meant, and as a sign of the gods' fondness for him, the flame flared three times, and shook its crown in the air. When he returned, he sought out the image of his girl, and leaning over the couch, kissed her. She felt warm: he pressed his lips to her again, and also touched her breast with his hand. The ivory yielded to his touch, and lost its hardness, altering under his fingers, as the bees' wax of Hymettus softens in the sun, and is moulded,498 under the thumb, into many forms, made usable by use. The lover is stupefied, and joyful, but uncertain, and afraid he is wrong, reaffirms the fulfilment of his wishes, with his hand, again, and again.

It was flesh! The pulse throbbed under his thumb. Then the hero, of Paphos, was indeed overfull of words with which to thank Venus, and still pressed his mouth against a mouth that was not merely a likeness. The girl felt the kisses he gave, blushed, and, raising her bashful eyes to the light, saw both her lover and the sky. The goddess attended the marriage that she had brought about, and when the moon's horns had nine times met at the full, the woman bore a son. 4 In older versions of the text, there is no mention of Pygmalion and the statue being married, or anything of them having a child. This could be due to uncertanty of if it is true to the first version, or because the version this is adapted from included the marriage while the older one did not. Paphos , from whom the island takes its name.'

Pygmalion

Pygmalion is a character from Ovid's Metamorphoses who sculpts what he believes is the perfect woman. Info adapted from - The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Pygmalion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 12 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion.

Info Adapted From

Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing. and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. Book quote take from 1897 version by Josephine Preston

Info Adapted From

Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed.

Tyre

The word Tyrian refers to Tyre, a Phoenician port city which, in mythology, is supposedly the birthplace of Europa. Info adapted from - Mark, Joshua. “Tyre.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2 Sept. 2009, www.ancient.eu/Tyre/.

Venus

In Greek Mythology Venus is the god of love, sex, beauty, and fertility. Info adapted from - Garcia, Brittany.“Venus.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 27 Aug. 2013, www.ancient.eu/venus/.

Info Adapted From

Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed.

Paphos

Paphos is said to be the birthplace of the Goddess Aphrodite, also known as Venus. Info adapted from - “City Guide.” Paphos.com, www.paphos.com/v/city-info/.

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Themes:

The Modern Pygmalion's Language Change

Publication Information

Source book used is Ovid -The Metamorphoses (Translated by A.S. Kline) starting on page 496 and ending on 499

Pygmalion Pygmalion is a character from Ovid's Metamorphoses who sculpts what he believes is the perfect woman. Info adapted from - The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Pygmalion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 12 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion. Venus In Greek Mythology Venus is the god of love, sex, beauty, and fertility. Info adapted from - Garcia, Brittany.“Venus.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 27 Aug. 2013, www.ancient.eu/venus/. Paphos Paphos is said to be the birthplace of the Goddess Aphrodite, also known as Venus. Info adapted from - “City Guide.” Paphos.com, www.paphos.com/v/city-info/. Tyre The word Tyrian refers to Tyre, a Phoenician port city which, in mythology, is supposedly the birthplace of Europa. Info adapted from - Mark, Joshua. “Tyre.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2 Sept. 2009, www.ancient.eu/Tyre/. Info Adapted From Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing. and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. Book quote take from 1897 version by Josephine Preston Info Adapted From Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. Info Adapted From Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. Info Adapted From Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. and Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing
Bk X:243-297 Orpheus sings: Pygmalion and the statue

Pygmalion had seen them, spending their lives in wickedness, and, offended by the failings that nature gave the female heart, he lived as a bachelor, without a wife or partner for his bed. But, with wonderful skill, he carved a figure, brilliantly, out of snow-white ivory In earlier version of this story, different wording was used for the statue, a specific version states "nothing on earth so beautiful as the white marble folk that live without faults and never grow old." The reason for such a change could simply be because the new version is easier to understand compared to the older one, as language from newer generations will change language from older ones. , no 496 mortal woman, and fell in love with his own creation. The features are those of a real girl, who, you might think, lived, and wished to move, if modesty did not forbid it. Indeed, art hides his art. He marvels: and passion, for this bodily image, consumes his heart. Often, he runs his hands over the work, tempted as to whether it is flesh or ivory, not admitting it to be ivory, he kisses it and thinks his kisses are retured; and speaks to it; and holds it Through various versions of the fable, Pygmalions actions with the statue change significantly. In version like this, it is shown that he touches and kisses the statue. In other versions, Pygmalion doesn't physically interact with the statue. The reason for changes like this could be due to it adding more to the character of Pygmalion, or because the author thinks it is too much to add., and imagines that his fingers press into the limbs, and is afraid lest bruises appear from the pressure. Now he address it with compliments, now brings it gifts that please girls, shells and polished pebbles, little birds, and many-coloured flowers, lilies and tinted beads, and the Heliade's amber tears, that drip from the trees. He dresses the body, also in clothing; places rings on the fingers; places a long neclace round its neck; pearls hang from the ears and cinctures round the breats. All are fitting: but it appears no less lovely, naked. He arranges the statue on a bed on which cloths 497 dyed with Tyrian murex are spread, and calls it his bedfellow, and rests its neck against soft down, as if it could feel.

The day of Venus's festival came, celebrated throughout Cyprus, and heifers, their curved horns gilded, fell, to the blow on their snowy neck. The incense was smoking when Pygmalion, having made his offering, stood by the altar, and said, shyly: "if you can grant all things, you gods, I wish as a bride to have..." and not daring to say "the girl of ivory" he said "one like my ivory girl." In a different version, Pygmalion states "'who hast vouchsafed to me this gift of beauty, give me a perfect love, likewise, and let me have for bride, one like my ivory maiden,'" one of the biggest changes in this text is the decision to use girl instead of maiden. Overtime, language changes due to the advancment of humans, and how new words are created for old ones. Some of these words become outdated, such as maiden, and are replaced with newer ones i.e. girl. Golden Venus, for she herself was present at the festival, knew what the prayer meant, and as a sign of the gods' fondness for him, the flame flared three times, and shook its crown in the air. When he returned, he sought out the image of his girl, and leaning over the couch, kissed her. She felt warm: he pressed his lips to her again, and also touched her breast with his hand. The ivory yielded to his touch, and lost its hardness, altering under his fingers, as the bees' wax of Hymettus softens in the sun, and is moulded,498 under the thumb, into many forms, made usable by use. The lover is stupefied, and joyful, but uncertain, and afraid he is wrong, reaffirms the fulfilment of his wishes, with his hand, again, and again.

It was flesh! The pulse throbbed under his thumb. Then the hero, of Paphos, was indeed overfull of words with which to thank Venus, and still pressed his mouth against a mouth that was not merely a likeness. The girl felt the kisses he gave, blushed, and, raising her bashful eyes to the light, saw both her lover and the sky. The goddess attended the marriage that she had brought about, and when the moon's horns had nine times met at the full, the woman bore a son. In older versions of the text, there is no mention of Pygmalion and the statue being married, or anything of them having a child. This could be due to uncertanty of if it is true to the first version, or because the version this is adapted from included the marriage while the older one did not. Paphos , from whom the island takes its name.'